ABMESDRA Membangun Peradaban melalui Ilmu dan Karya Tulis

KETIKA KEBENARAN DIPEREBUTKAN: Bahasa Klaim Publik, Pembuktian, Manipulasi Informasi, dan Etika Penalaran Warga Negara

ISBN: proses, KDT: Proses

BUKU REFERENSI

Dr. Rina Asrini Bakri, S.Pd., M.Pd..

SINOPSIS

Ketika sebuah pernyataan diulang ribuan kali, apakah ia berubah menjadi kebenaran? Ketika pejabat, tokoh, atau akun populer menyatakan sesuatu, siapa yang memeriksa bukti di baliknya?

Di ruang publik, sebuah kalimat dapat membangun kepercayaan, menggiring prasangka, atau merusak nama baik. Dokumen yang tampak resmi, potongan video, angka statistik, dan media sintetis dapat meyakinkan sebelum konteksnya teruji. Di tengah perebutan narasi, hak warga untuk mengetahui dan hak setiap orang untuk diperlakukan adil sama-sama dipertaruhkan.

Buku referensi multidisipliner dan transdisipliner ini mempertemukan kajian bahasa, epistemologi, komunikasi, psikologi, hukum, pendidikan, dan etika untuk mengupas klaim publik, manipulasi informasi, teknik verifikasi, serta tanggung jawab penalaran. Kerangka integritas klaim, bukti, dan koreksi ditawarkan agar setiap pernyataan dapat diperiksa tanpa tunduk pada wibawa atau popularitas pembicaranya.

Sebab yang layak dipercaya bukan suara yang paling keras, melainkan pernyataan yang bersedia diuji, dikoreksi, dan dipertanggungjawabkan.

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Ukuran Buku : 15,5 cm x 23 cm

Jumlah Halaman : 195 Halaman

ISBN : Proses

DAFTAR ISI & DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Katalog Dalam Terbitan (KDT) : Proses

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

DAFTAR PUSTAKA BAB 1

Achmad, A. (2026). Ar-Rahman human being theory: A moral-governed framework of human behavior in socio-economic life. ABMESDRA Penerbit Pustaka.

Douglas, H. (2009). Science, policy, and the value-free ideal. University of Pittsburgh Press.

Ecker, U. K. H., Lewandowsky, S., Cook, J., Schmid, P., Fazio, L. K., Brashier, N., Kendeou, P., Vraga, E. K., & Amazeen, M. A. (2022). The psychological drivers of misinformation belief and its resistance to correction. Nature Reviews Psychology, 1(1), 13–29. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44159-021-00006-y

Fricker, M. (2007). Epistemic injustice: Power and the ethics of knowing. Oxford University Press.

Grizzle, A., Wilson, C., Tuazon, R., Cheung, C. K., Lau, J., Fischer, R., Gordon, D., Akyempong, K., Singh, J., Carr, P. R., Stewart, K., Tayie, S., Olunifesi, S., Jaakkola, M., Thésée, G., Gulston, C., Andzongo Menyeng, B. P., & Zibi Fama, P. A. (2021). Media and information literate citizens: Think critically, click wisely!. UNESCO.

Lazer, D. M. J., Baum, M. A., Benkler, Y., Berinsky, A. J., Greenhill, K. M., Menczer, F., Metzger, M. J., Nyhan, B., Pennycook, G., Rothschild, D., Schudson, M., Sloman, S. A., Sunstein, C. R., Thorson, E. A., Watts, D. J., & Zittrain, J. L. (2018). The science of fake news. Science, 359(6380), 1094–1096. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aao2998

Lewandowsky, S., Ecker, U. K. H., Seifert, C. M., Schwarz, N., & Cook, J. (2012). Misinformation and its correction: Continued influence and successful debiasing. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 13(3), 106–131. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100612451018

Mercier, H., & Sperber, D. (2011). Why do humans reason? Arguments for an argumentative theory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 34(2), 57–74. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X10000968

Monggilo, Z. M. Z. (2020). Analisis konten kualitatif hoaks dan literasi digital dalam @komikfunday. Interaksi: Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, 9(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.14710/interaksi.9.1.1-18

Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2019). Lazy, not biased: Susceptibility to partisan fake news is better explained by lack of reasoning than by motivated reasoning. Cognition, 188, 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2018.06.011

Republik Indonesia. (2008). Undang-Undang Nomor 14 Tahun 2008 tentang Keterbukaan Informasi Publik.

Toulmin, S. E. (2003). The uses of argument (Updated ed.). Cambridge University Press.

van Dijk, T. A. (1993). Principles of critical discourse analysis. Discourse & Society, 4(2), 249–283. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926593004002006

Vosoughi, S., Roy, D., & Aral, S. (2018). The spread of true and false news online. Science, 359(6380), 1146–1151. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap9559

DAFTAR PUSTAKA BAB II

Achmad, A. (2026). Ar-Rahman human being theory: A moral-governed framework of human behavior in socio-economic life. ABMESDRA Penerbit Pustaka.

Akmal, S., Usman, A. R., & Qamaruzzaman, Q. (2023). Political and educational messages in Serambi Indonesia: A framing analysis. Jurnal ASPIKOM, 8(2), 287–304. https://doi.org/10.24329/aspikom.v8i2.1270

Bail, C. A., Argyle, L. P., Brown, T. W., Bumpus, J. P., Chen, H., Fallin Hunzaker, M. B., Lee, J., Mann, M., Merhout, F., & Volfovsky, A. (2018). Exposure to opposing views on social media can increase political polarization. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(37), 9216–9221. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1804840115

Brady, W. J., Wills, J. A., Jost, J. T., Tucker, J. A., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2017). Emotion shapes the diffusion of moralized content in social networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(28), 7313–7318. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1618923114

Chong, D., & Druckman, J. N. (2007a). A theory of framing and opinion formation in competitive elite environments. Journal of Communication, 57(1), 99–118. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00331.x

Chong, D., & Druckman, J. N. (2007b). Framing theory. Annual Review of Political Science, 10, 103–126. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.10.072805.103054

Cinelli, M., De Francisci Morales, G., Galeazzi, A., Quattrociocchi, W., & Starnini, M. (2021). The echo chamber effect on social media. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(9), Article e2023301118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2023301118

Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x

Guess, A. M., Malhotra, N., Pan, J., Barberá, P., Allcott, H., Brown, T., Crespo-Tenorio, A., Dimmery, D., Freelon, D., González-Bailón, S., Kennedy, E., Kim, Y. M., Lazer, D., Moehler, D., Nyhan, B., Velasco Rivera, C., Settle, J., Thomas, D. R., Thorson, E., ... Tucker, J. A. (2023). How do social media feed algorithms affect attitudes and behavior in an election campaign? Science, 381(6656), 398–404. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abp9364

Habermas, J. (1989). The structural transformation of the public sphere: An inquiry into a category of bourgeois society. MIT Press.

Indonesia. (2008). Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 14 Tahun 2008 tentang Keterbukaan Informasi Publik. Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2008 Nomor 61.

Kovach, B., & Rosenstiel, T. (2021). The elements of journalism: What newspeople should know and the public should expect (4th ed.). Crown.

Kunda, Z. (1990). The case for motivated reasoning. Psychological Bulletin, 108(3), 480–498. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.108.3.480

Lazer, D. M. J., Baum, M. A., Benkler, Y., Berinsky, A. J., Greenhill, K. M., Menczer, F., Metzger, M. J., Nyhan, B., Pennycook, G., Rothschild, D., Schudson, M., Sloman, S. A., Sunstein, C. R., Thorson, E. A., Watts, D. J., & Zittrain, J. L. (2018). The science of fake news. Science, 359(6380), 1094–1096. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aao2998

Lewandowsky, S., Ecker, U. K. H., Seifert, C. M., Schwarz, N., & Cook, J. (2012). Misinformation and its correction: Continued influence and successful debiasing. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 13(3), 106–131. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100612451018

McCombs, M. E., & Shaw, D. L. (1972). The agenda-setting function of mass media. Public Opinion Quarterly, 36(2), 176–187. https://doi.org/10.1086/267990

van Bavel, J. J., & Pereira, A. (2018). The partisan brain: An identity-based model of political belief. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 22(3), 213–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2018.01.004

van Dijk, T. A. (1993). Principles of critical discourse analysis. Discourse & Society, 4(2), 249–283. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926593004002006

Vosoughi, S., Roy, D., & Aral, S. (2018). The spread of true and false news online. Science, 359(6380), 1146–1151. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap9559

DAFTAR PUSTAKA BAB III

Achmad, A. (2026). Ar-Rahman human being theory: A moral-governed framework of human behavior in socio-economic life. ABMESDRA Penerbit Pustaka.

Brashier, N. M., & Marsh, E. J. (2020). Judging truth. Annual Review of Psychology, 71, 499–515. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010419-050807

Cook, J., Lewandowsky, S., & Ecker, U. K. H. (2017). Neutralizing misinformation through inoculation: Exposing misleading argumentation techniques reduces their influence. PLOS ONE, 12(5), e0175799. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0175799

Ecker, U. K. H., Lewandowsky, S., Cook, J., Schmid, P., Fazio, L. K., Brashier, N., Kendeou, P., Vraga, E. K., & Amazeen, M. A. (2022). The psychological drivers of misinformation belief and its resistance to correction. Nature Reviews Psychology, 1, 13–29. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44159-021-00006-y

Guess, A., Nagler, J., & Tucker, J. (2019). Less than you think: Prevalence and predictors of fake news dissemination on Facebook. Science Advances, 5(1), eaau4586. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau4586

Hidayat, D., Rohendi, A., Hanafy D., D., Christin, M., & Nur’aeni, N. (2022). Fighting the disinfodemic: Fact-checking management of hoax COVID-19 in Indonesia. Profetik: Jurnal Komunikasi, 15(2), 272–286. https://doi.org/10.14421/pjk.v15i2.1996

Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2021). The psychology of fake news. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 25(5), 388–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2021.02.007

Prajarto, N. (2021). Praktek fact-checking informasi pandemi COVID-19 pada Tempo.co, Tirto.id dan Kompas.com. Jurnal Penelitian Komunikasi dan Opini Publik, 25(1). https://doi.org/10.33299/jpkop.25.1.3461

Rahmawan, D., Garnesia, I., & Hartanto, R. (2023). Checking the fact-checkers: Analyzing the content of fact-checking organizations as initiatives for hoax eradication in Indonesia. Jurnal ASPIKOM, 8(2), 241–256. https://doi.org/10.24329/aspikom.v8i2.1267

Rahmawati, D., Mulyana, D., Lumakto, G., Viendyasari, M., & Anindhita, W. (2021). Mapping disinformation during the COVID-19 in Indonesia: Qualitative content analysis. Jurnal ASPIKOM, 6(2), 222–234. https://doi.org/10.24329/aspikom.v6i2.907

Republik Indonesia. (2008). Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 14 Tahun 2008 tentang Keterbukaan Informasi Publik.

UNESCO. (2023). Guidelines for the governance of digital platforms: Safeguarding freedom of expression and access to information through a multistakeholder approach. UNESCO.

Vaccari, C., & Chadwick, A. (2020). Deepfakes and disinformation: Exploring the impact of synthetic political video on deception, uncertainty, and trust in news. Social Media + Society, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305120903408

van Dijk, T. A. (2006). Discourse and manipulation. Discourse & Society, 17(3), 359–383. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926506060250

Vosoughi, S., Roy, D., & Aral, S. (2018). The spread of true and false news online. Science, 359(6380), 1146–1151. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap9559

Wardle, C., & Derakhshan, H. (2017). Information disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policy making. Council of Europe.

DAFTAR PUSTAKA BAB IV

Achmad, A. (2026). Ar-Rahman human being theory: A moral-governed framework of human behavior in socio-economic life. ABMESDRA Penerbit Pustaka.

Coalition for Content Provenance and Authenticity. (n.d.). Content Credentials: C2PA technical specification (Version 2.5). https://spec.c2pa.org/specifications/specifications/2.5/specs/C2PA_Specification.html

Hanifah, A. N., & Monggilo, Z. M. Z. (2022). Fact-checking and check-worthiness determination on Tempo.co during COVID-19 pandemic. Jurnal ASPIKOM, 7(1), 32–43. https://doi.org/10.24329/aspikom.v7i1.1063

Hapsari, D. T. (2020). Inovasi jurnalis daring dalam kolaborasi tim cek fakta selama pemberitaan Pilpres 2019. Interaksi: Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, 9(1), 51–63. https://doi.org/10.14710/interaksi.9.1.51-63

International Organization for Standardization, & International Electrotechnical Commission. (2012). Information technology—Security techniques—Guidelines for identification, collection, acquisition and preservation of digital evidence (ISO/IEC Standard No. 27037:2012). https://www.iso.org/standard/44381.html

Ireton, C., & Posetti, J. (Eds.). (2018). Journalism, “fake news” & disinformation: Handbook for journalism education and training. UNESCO. https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/journalism-fake-news-disinformation

Kent, K., Chevalier, S., Grance, T., & Dang, H. (2006). Guide to integrating forensic techniques into incident response (NIST Special Publication 800-86). National Institute of Standards and Technology. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.800-86

Lewandowsky, S., Ecker, U. K. H., & Cook, J. (2017). Beyond misinformation: Understanding and coping with the “post-truth” era. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 6(4), 353–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2017.07.008

McGrew, S. (2020). Learning to evaluate: An intervention in civic online reasoning. Computers & Education, 145, Article 103711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103711

McGrew, S. (2024). Teaching lateral reading: Interventions to help people read like fact checkers. Current Opinion in Psychology, 55, Article 101737. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2023.101737

Nurlatifah, M. (2021). Fact-checking dan jurnalisme kolaboratif pada platform media online. Jurnal ILMU KOMUNIKASI, 18(1), 67–86. https://doi.org/10.24002/jik.v18i1.1871

Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2022). Accuracy prompts are a replicable and generalizable approach for reducing the spread of misinformation. Nature Communications, 13, Article 2333. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-30073-5

Republik Indonesia. (1999). Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 40 Tahun 1999 tentang Pers. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/45370/uu-no-40-tahun-1999

Republik Indonesia. (2008). Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 14 Tahun 2008 tentang Keterbukaan Informasi Publik. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/39047/uu-no-14-

Republik Indonesia. (2022). Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 27 Tahun 2022 tentang Pelindungan Data Pribadi. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/229798/uu-no-27-tahun-2022

Walter, N., Cohen, J., Holbert, R. L., & Morag, Y. (2020). Fact-checking: A meta-analysis of what works and for whom. Political Communication, 37(3), 350–375. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2019.1668894

Wineburg, S., & McGrew, S. (2019). Lateral reading and the nature of expertise: Reading less and learning more when evaluating digital information. Teachers College Record, 121(11), 1–40. https://doi.org/10.1177/016146811912101102

DAFTAR PUSTAKA BAB V

Achmad, A. (2026). Ar-Rahman Human Being Theory: A moral-governed framework of human behavior in socio-economic life. ABMESDRA Penerbit Pustaka.

Febriansyah, F., & Muksin, N. N. (2021). Hoax distribution in social media after ratification of omnibus law. Jurnal ASPIKOM, 6(2), 315–328. https://doi.org/10.24329/aspikom.v6i2.871

Fricker, M. (2007). Epistemic injustice: Power and the ethics of knowing. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198237907.001.0001

Indonesia. (2005). Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2005 tentang Pengesahan International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (Kovenan Internasional tentang Hak-Hak Sipil dan Politik). https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/40261/uu-no-12-tahun-2005

Indonesia. (2022). Undang-Undang Nomor 27 Tahun 2022 tentang Pelindungan Data Pribadi. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/229798/uu-no-27-tahun-2022

Indonesia. (2024). Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2024 tentang Perubahan Kedua atas Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/274494/uu-no-1-tahun-2024

McGrew, S. (2020). Learning to evaluate: An intervention in civic online reasoning. Computers & Education, 145, 103711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103711

Monggilo, Z. M. Z. (2020). Analisis konten kualitatif hoaks dan literasi digital dalam @Komikfunday. Interaksi: Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, 9(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.14710/interaksi.9.1.1-18

Nurlatifah, M. (2021). Fact-checking dan jurnalisme kolaboratif pada platform media online. Jurnal ILMU KOMUNIKASI, 18(1), 67–86. https://doi.org/10.24002/jik.v18i1.1871

Nurrahmi, F., & Syam, H. M. (2020). Perilaku informasi mahasiswa dan hoaks di media sosial. Communicatus: Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, 4(2), 129–146. https://doi.org/10.15575/cjik.v4i2.9215

Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2022). Accuracy prompts are a replicable and generalizable approach for reducing the spread of misinformation. Nature Communications, 13, 2333. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-30073-5

UNESCO. (2021). Media and information literate citizens: Think critically, click wisely! Media and information literacy curriculum for educators and learners. UNESCO.

UNESCO. (2023). Guidelines for the governance of digital platforms: Safeguarding freedom of expression and access to information through a multistakeholder approach. UNESCO.

DAFTAR PUSTAKA BAB VI

Achmad, A. (2026). Ar-Rahman human being theory: A moral-governed framework of human behavior in socio-economic life. ABMESDRA Penerbit Pustaka.

Andriani, A. D., Fitri, S. A., & Muchtar, K. (2024). Model komunikasi literasi digital dalam mengatasi ujaran kebencian di media sosial. Interaksi: Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, 13(2), 439–464. https://doi.org/10.14710/interaksi.13.2.439-464

Indonesia. (1999). Undang-Undang Nomor 40 Tahun 1999 tentang Pers. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/45370

Indonesia. (2008). Undang-Undang Nomor 14 Tahun 2008 tentang Keterbukaan Informasi Publik. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/39047

Indonesia. (2022). Undang-Undang Nomor 27 Tahun 2022 tentang Pelindungan Data Pribadi. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/229798

Monggilo, Z. M. Z. (2020). Analisis konten kualitatif hoaks dan literasi digital dalam @komikfunday. Interaksi: Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, 9(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.14710/interaksi.9.1.1-18

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2024). Facts not fakes: Tackling disinformation, strengthening information integrity. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/d909ff7a-en

Pennycook, G., & Rand, D. G. (2022). Accuracy prompts are a replicable and generalizable approach for reducing the spread of misinformation. Nature Communications, 13(1), Article 2333. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-30073-5

Prihantoro, E., Widyaningsih, W., & Ramadhani, R. W. (2024). Pengaruh terpaan meme politik, kualitas informasi dan literasi digital terhadap sikap pemilih pemula di Jabodetabek. Interaksi: Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, 13(2), 351–371. https://doi.org/10.14710/interaksi.13.2.351-371

Rianto, P. (2019). Literasi digital dan etika media sosial di era post-truth. Interaksi: Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, 8(2), 24–35. https://doi.org/10.14710/interaksi.8.2.24-35

Roozenbeek, J., van der Linden, S., Goldberg, B., Rathje, S., & Lewandowsky, S. (2022). Psychological inoculation improves resilience against misinformation on social media. Science Advances, 8(34), Article eabo6254. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abo6254

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (2021). Media and information literate citizens: Think critically, click wisely! UNESCO.

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (2023). Guidelines for the governance of digital platforms: Safeguarding freedom of expression and access to information through a multistakeholder approach. UNESCO.

Vosoughi, S., Roy, D., & Aral, S. (2018). The spread of true and false news online. Science, 359(6380), 1146–1151. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap9559

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Format APA Style (7th Edition)

Bakri, R. A. (2026). Ketika kebenaran diperebutkan: Bahasa klaim publik, pembuktian, manipulasi informasi, dan etika penalaran warga negara. ABMESDRA Penerbit Pustaka.

Format Penulisan Lengkap

Rina Asrini Bakri. (2026). Angka, Keputusan, Dan Martabat Manusia: Penalaran Matematis Dalam Pendidikan, Ekonomi, Pemerintahan, Dan Peradaban Digital. ABMESDRA Penerbit Pustaka.

Contoh Sitasi Dalam Teks

Sitasi Parentetif: (Bakri, 2026)

Sitasi Naratif: Bakri (2026)

PENULISAN SITASI